Asteroids and Remote Planets Section
Table of contents
Occultations by asteroids
(Last updated: 2018 November 04)
1.0
Introduction
Information on observing occultations can
be found on the Introduction
and Circulars pages
on the EAON web site. The EAON site should be considered the prime source of
information on all matters relating to occultations. If there are differences
between this site and theirs then please assume they are correct.
From time to time during the course of its orbit around the Sun, an asteroid will appear to pass in front of a star or another Solar System body as seen from Earth. Such a passage is referred to as an occultation. As the asteroid passes in front of the star the latter will appear to dim or disappear altogether. The track width of such an occultation is very narrow – approximately the same width as the asteroid eg; no more than 100 kilometres or so. When the track intersects the Earth there will be only very few potential observers situated along it. Every observation whether positive or negative, is important in defining the limits of the track.
Occultations are the only way, apart from spacecraft missions to asteroids and radar observations of nearby objects, to determine the approximate size and shape of those bodies and are, of course, much cheaper.
The International Occultation Timing Association (IOTA) web site can be found here and that of the International Occultation Timing Association/European Section (IOTA/ES) web site can be found here.
2.0
Predictions
Predictions of possible occultations are available from the European Asteroidal Occultation Network (EAON) , Euraster and Steve Preston’s web site. Predictions are necessarily only approximate as the orbits of most asteroids and the positions of most stars are not known to the required level of precision to accurately define occultation tracks well ahead of time. The margin of uncertainty thanks to the Gaia astrometry is probably better than +/-30 km so that the probable area of visibility is accurate in general terms. But the uncertainty is now unlikely to be greater than +/-100 km in most cases now. The predicted times will be more accurate and the probable error is of the order of +/-10 seconds.
Astrometry is sometimes requested prior to the event to allow the predicted track and time of occultation to be refined.
2.1 Worldwide Predictions from the current BAA Handbook
Here are the predictions as listed in the current 2019 Handbook of the BAA:
OCCULTATIONS OF STARS BY ASTEROIDS AND DWARF PLANETS
Occultation events for 2019 were selected by Tim Haymes from a world list of events computed and published annually by Edwin Goffin of the VVS (Flemish Astronomical Association). The BAA is very grateful to Mr Goffin for permission to publish his predictions in the Handbook.
In the table of predictions below:
Time = UT of closest geocentric approach.
Region of Visibility codes (RoV):
1 = North and Central America,
2 = South America,
3 = Europe, North Africa and the Middle East,
4 = South Africa,
5 = Russia,
6 = Pakistan, India, and SE Asia,
7 = Japan, China and Taiwan,
8 = Australia and New Zealand.
2.3 Example of an
EAON chart
An example of an EAON chart is shown below. It includes star and asteroid data, duration of occultation, drop in magnitude of the star, time of the occultation, the track and finder charts.
I would strongly recommend obtaining the latest orbital elements for the asteroid from the Minor Planet Center’s Minor Planet and Comet Ephemeris Service and plotting its predicted track on a planetarium program such as Megastar. Using a program with which you are familiar greatly reduces the chances of observing the wrong star. The example below shows the track of the asteroid from 10 – 15 Dec with the asteroid occulting the target star on 12 Dec.
3.0
Observing and timing the occultation
Spending several minutes staring at a star field through a telescope can be quite tiring and the eyes start to play tricks. This is particularly the case if the target star is difficult to see due to for example; its faintness, thin cloud or a bright sky background.
Practicing before the event is therefore to be recommended. You may find out that some obstacle is blocking your view of the event particularly if the target star is low down. It will also help you to identify the correct star field and, if the asteroid is bright enough, see it moving towards the target star. Such practice will also enable you to set the eyepiece in such a position that the event can be viewed from a comfortable sitting position if at all possible.
An alarm clock with two alarms is extremely helpful. Set the first alarm to one minute before the predicted time and the second for the end of the observing period. This way you can increase your concentration nearer the predicted time and know when to stop.
At the telescope, monitoring of the target star should commence some minutes before the predicted time and continue for at least the same period after it (the occultation prediction data will usually include a suggested time period). At the instant of occultation the brightness will reduce by the predicted amount, which depends on the relative brightness of the asteroid and star being occulted. Beware also when making an occultation observation of so-called secondary events which may happen some time either side of the primary occultation . Although termed `secondary', such an event may also produce a dip in brightness virtually identical in magnitude to that of the primary event. Any secondary event may represent an occultation by a satellite of the minor planet.
See EAON Circular #5, Parts two, three and four for detailed explanations of various methods of recording the time of the occultation.
4.0
Time keeping
A radio controlled clock which uses the broadcast time signals to update the display will indicate the time to the necessary degree of accuracy. One’s error, or Personal Equation (PE), can be calculated and the occultation timings modified accordingly.
See also EAON Circular #5, Part Five, Short notes about time-keeping sources.
4.1
Timing example
An example of timing using a stop watch (with lap timing feature) and a radio controlled clock and assuming a ‘Positive’ result.
|
Activity |
Stopwatch |
Stopwatch time |
Time of occultation |
Time with PE applied |
|
Star dims or winks out completely |
Press Start |
0 |
( |
20:59:47.7 ( |
|
Star returns to normal brightness |
Press Lap |
6.5 secs |
20:59:54.5 (20:59:48 +6.5 secs) |
20:59:54.2 (20:59:54.5 – 0.3) |
|
Radio controlled clock indicates a complete minute eg; 21:06:00 |
Press Stop |
6 mins 12 secs |
|
|
4.2
Personal Equation
One’s reaction time or Personal Equation (PE) should be calculated and subtracted from the times reported. The PE can be estimated using a stop watch as follows;
- cover the seconds, tenths and hundredths of second’s digits
- start the stopwatch
- press stop when the next full minute is indicated
The indicted seconds and fractions of seconds will be your reaction time. Repeat the exercise say thirty times and take the average (mine was 0.3 secs). See EAON circular #5, Part one, Personal equation and accuracy for a more detailed explanation with examples.
A simulation of an occultation allowing the observer to
determine their 'Personal Equation' can be found here. A more amusing example
can be found here.
4.3 Recent advances in recording, timing and analysis
The use of sensitive video cameras was demonstrated in the UK by the late Andrew Elliott in the 1990’s. (ARPS Assistant Director, Occultations 1990-2010). Section members now tend to use video where possible and record onto videotape. This though is being superseded by digitisation to a PC using a USB (A/D) converter and free software such as Virtual Dub.
Digital recordings (known as AVI) are not affected by the observers eye / watch coordination which can be problematic for faint events. 80% of predictions are magnitude 11or fainter.
Video alone does not produce a time for the event. Frame counting will produce an accurate duration for an occultation, but the start and end time of the recording or the event, needs to be managed. This is effectively carried out using a Time-Text overlay on the video output before recording. Examples are listed in the Table 2. Table 1 lists typical video cameras used in occultation work:
| Camera | Exposure |
|---|---|
| Mintron 12V1C-EX | 1/50 to 5 sec |
| SCB-2000N | 1/50 sec |
| WAT-120N | 1/50 to 10 sec |
| WAT-120N+ | 1/2000 to 10 sec |
| WAT-902H | 1/50 sec |
| WAT-902H2 Ultimate | 1/50 sec (high gain) |
| WAT-910HX | 1/2000 to 5 sec (replaces the WAT 120N+) |
| Unit | Type / Distributor |
|---|---|
| Voltek CT230 | UT Date generator (Manual synchronization *) |
| GPSBOXSPRITE2 | GPS generated text overlay made by BlackBoxCamera ** |
| IOTA VTI | Video Time Inserter made by Video Timers for IOTA. ** |
[ * 1 sec time resolution, ** 0.001 sec time resolution on every frame ]
| Type | General Description of Method |
|---|---|
| CCD drift scan | See Peter Birtwhistle’s webpages under 'Gallery'/ 'Occultations' and also John Broughton's detailed discussion of the technique |
| DSLR / Refractor | Drift Scan using stopwatch and time signal (brighter stars) |
| QHY5L-II (or similar) | Multiple exposures (eg 300ms) saved as SER file (12-bit) |
| AtiK 314L (or similar) | Multiple FITS (16bit) with 2x2 binning (and ROI if possible) |
[SERial file, is a packaged sequence of images, ROI = region of interest, sub frame]
Advantages of CCD or video
1) Exposure can be increased to detect fainter stars or TNOs, or allow use of smaller telescopes.
2) Occultations where the magnitude drop is too small to see by eye can be recorded (0.1-1.0 mag).
3) Permanent record created that can analysed by-easy-to-use software (esp. TANGRA-3 by Hristo Pavlov)
4) No personal equation and no errors.
Analysis techniques
TANGRA 3 software (free download) will analyse star brightness in an AVI or SER file and produce a light curve with timings. This application is the basis of most results. DRIFT scan requires some additional analysis (see the photometry/astrometry sub-section ). Examples of asteroid occultation light curves and reports can be found on Tim Haymes’ webpage at: http://www.stargazer.me.uk/index.htm
Observation Planning in the 21st Century
Note that there are two software applications to assist observers select and prepare for events:
1) OccultWatcher, and 2) C2A charting software.
5.0
Reporting
By joining the PLANOCCULT mailing list (use link on the Euraster ) observers can see the occultation reports submitted by other observers. Reports should be sent to this list and copied to Gilles Regherre at gillesregheere@yahoo.fr and Jan Manek at jan.manek@worldonline.cz . The ARPS Director is a member of PLANOCCULT and will thus see all reports submitted.
Information about the sizes, shapes and positions of asteroids comes from the occultation observations. Each positive observation gives a chord length across the minor planet and its precise position at that time. It is well worth attempting to observe the occultation if your site is close to but not on the predicted track. Such negative observations (ie; no occultation observed) help to set limits on the size of the asteroid. If poor weather prevents observation then a report should not be submitted.
Below is an example of how the approximate shape of an asteroid was derived from a number of observations. The importance of ‘Negative’ results are clearly illustrated. Observers 2 and 20 (and some others) didn’t see the occultation but their results put limits on the size of the asteroid.
A reporting form
is available from EAON . Report summaries can be
found on the EAON and Euraster web sites.
6.0 Results
European reports
can be found on the Euraster website. Mike Kretlow’s database can be found here.
This database was launched on
7.0 Conclusion
You have to be fairly dedicated to do this stuff. Remember
the ‘Rule of Ten’ ie; for every ten occultations you prepare for
the weather will wash out nine of them and for every ten you actually observe
you may get one ‘Positive’ . Remember however that, for those
observing close to the edge of the predicted track, ‘Negatives’ are
just as important as ‘Positives’.
Now that predictions are improving the ratio of ‘Positives’
to ‘Negatives’ may be improving so go out and prove me too
pessimistic!!!
Having put you off observing occultations for ever just remember that the greater the effort put in the more rewarding is the actual success when it comes – so do give it a try.