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In Part II we discuss white clouds and the polar regions. The equatorial cloud band (ECB) was well observed from Ls= 001° onward. The behaviour of the orographic clouds over the great volcanoes was seasonally normal, in the absence of any large dust disturbance. We saw the Tharsis orographics from Ls= 011°, and the Olympus Mons orographic from Ls= 019°. As with the ECB, observations did not continue late enough to establish their seasonal decline. The 2009-’10 N. polar cap recession was followed in detail nearly as far as the summer remnant stage.

This report describes and analyses the observations of the brighter or more interesting comets discovered or at perihelion during 2012, concentrating on those with visual observations. Magnitude parameters are given for all comets with observations. Any evolution in the magnitude parameters of those periodic comets with multiple returns is discussed. Additional information on the comets discussed here and on other comets seen or at perihelion during the year may be found on the Section visual observations web pages.